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- <text id=93CT1911>
- <link 89TT3100>
- <link 89TT0345>
- <title>
- Holy See (Vatican City)--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Europe
- Vatican City
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The Holy See has sent and received diplomatic missions since
- the fourth century. For many centuries, the Popes held temporal
- control over the Papal States, which included a broad band of
- territory across central Italy, as well as the city of Rome. In
- 1861, at the time of the general unification of Italy, almost
- all of the papal lands were acquired by the Kingdom of Italy,
- following conquests by the Italian Army and popular plebicites.
- The Pope's sovereignty was then confined to Rome and its
- environs until 1870, when Rome itself was incorporated forcibly
- into the new Kingdom. In 1871, the Italian Parliament enacted
- the Law of Guarantees, which sought to assure the Pope's
- spiritual freedom, an income, and special status for the
- Vatican area. However, Pope Pius IX and his successors refused
- to acknowledge the validity of these laws, preferring instead
- to impose on themselves the status of prisoners in the Vatican.
- This situation lasted until February 11, 1929, when the Holy
- See and the Italian Government signed in the Lateran Palace the
- following three agreements regulating the dispute:
- </p>
- <p>-- A treaty recognizing the independence and sovereignty of
- the Holy See and creating the State of the Vatican City;
- </p>
- <p>-- A concordat fixing the relations between the government
- and the church within Italy; and
- </p>
- <p>-- A financial convention providing the Holy See with
- compensation for its losses in 1870.
- </p>
- <p>A revised concordat, altering the terms of church-state
- relations, was signed February 18, 1984.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Pope John Paul II, born in Poland, is the first non-Italian
- Pope in nearly five centuries. Elected on October 16, 1978, he
- succeeded John Paul I, whose reign lasted only 34 days. The Pope
- exercises supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power
- over the Holy See and within the State of the Vatican City.
- </p>
- <p> The Pope rules the Holy See through the Roman Curia and its
- staff, the Papal Civil Service. The Roman Curia consists of the
- Secretariat of State, 9 Congregations (equivalent to
- Ministries), 3 Tribunals, 12 Pontifical Councils, and a complex
- of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level.
- The Curia is directed and coordinated by the Secretariat of
- State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State. The current
- incumbent, Agostino Cardinal Casaroli, is the Holy See's
- second-ranking official and is the equivalent of prime
- minister. Archbishop Angelo Sodano, Secretary of the Section for
- Relations With States of the Secretariat of State is, in effect,
- the Vatican's foreign minister.
- </p>
- <p> Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are
- the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees
- church doctrine; the Congregation for the Bishops, which
- coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the
- Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees
- all missionary, activities; and the Pontifical Council of
- "Justice and Peace," which deals with international peace and
- social issues.
- </p>
- <p> Three tribunals are responsible for judicial power. The
- Apostolic Penitentiary deals with matters of conscience; the
- Roman Rota is responsible for appeals, including annulments of
- marriage; and the Apostolic Signatura is the final court of
- appeal.
- </p>
- <p> The Prefecture for Economic Affairs coordinates the finances
- of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of
- the Patrimony of the Holy See (an investment fund dating back to
- the Lateran Pacts). A committee of 15 cardinals, chaired by the
- Secretary of State, has final oversight authority over all
- financial matters of the Holy See, including those of the
- Institute for Religious Works (the Vatican bank).
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- April 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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